![]() The re-conquest was completed during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, after several bloody conflicts. This took nearly a century to achieve, and the re-conquest was accompanied by a great deal of bloodshed, as it led to the assimilation – sometimes abolition – of lordships that had been independent for several hundred years.Ĭahir Castle – besieged repeatedly in this period They either negotiated or fought with the autonomous Irish Kings and lords. Henry VIII's officials were tasked with extending the rule of this new Kingdom throughout Ireland by the policy of " surrender and regrant". With the institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the English Kingdom of Ireland over all of its claimed territory. The Lord Deputy's permanent advisors were the Irish Privy Council. The Parliament met only when called by the Lord Deputy, when he wanted to pass new laws or raise new taxes. However, the real power in Ireland throughout this period lay not with the Parliament, but with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, who was nominated by the King of England to govern Ireland. After 1541, Henry VIII admitted native Irish lords into both houses and recognised their land titles, in return for their submission to him as King of Ireland. It was restricted for most of its existence in terms both of membership – Gaelic Irishmen were barred from membership – and of powers, notably by Poynings' Law of 1494, which required the approval of the English Privy Council before any draft bills might be introduced to the Parliament. From the period of the original lordship in the 12th century onwards, Ireland had retained its own bicameral Parliament of Ireland, consisting of a House of Commons and a House of Lords. Ireland was changed from a lordship to a full Kingdom under Henry VIII. Henry VIII put down this rebellion and then set about to pacify Ireland and bring it all under English government control, perhaps to prevent it from becoming a base for foreign invasions of England (a concern that was to be sustained for another 400 or more years). In 1535, Silken Thomas Fitzgerald went into open rebellion against the crown. Most seriously, they had invited Burgundian troops into Dublin to crown the Yorkist pretender, Lambert Simnel as King of England in 1487. However, the most immediate reason was that the Fitzgerald dynasty of Kildare, who had become the effective rulers of Ireland in the 15th century, had become very unreliable allies of the Tudor monarchs. There is some debate about why Henry VIII of England resolved to re-conquer Ireland completely. King of England and Ireland, who founded the Kingdom of Ireland and began the English re-conquest of the country, by Hans Holbein the Younger Main articles: Tudor conquest of Ireland and Kingdom of Ireland Henry VIII The religious schism meant that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic) Old English were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. Queen Mary I then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and Queen Elizabeth I broke again with Rome in 1559. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son Edward VI of England moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. The English Reformation, by which Henry VIII broke with Papal authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. This is sometimes called the early modern period. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when King Henry VIII deposed the FitzGerald dynasty as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new Kingdom of Ireland was declared by Henry VIII in 1541), and 1691, when the Catholic Jacobites surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. The period saw Irish society outside of the Pale transform from a locally driven, intertribal, clan-based Gaelic structure to a centralised, monarchical, state-governed society, similar to those found elsewhere in Europe. Subordination of the country to London-based governments and sectarian animosity between Catholics and Protestants. This would eventually establish two central themes in future Irish history: Ireland during the period of 1536–1691 saw the first full conquest of the island by England and its colonization with mostly Protestant settlers from Great Britain. ![]()
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